HIV with initial ocular Kaposi sarcoma / HIV com sarcoma de Kaposi ocular inicial

ABSTRACT We present an interesting case of a 62-year-old black female, presented to the ophthalmological hospital with a little "nevus" on the left eye previously visualized at the mirror, with one month of development. Physical examination with slit lamp (biomicroscopy) showed a group of painless veins, with vascular redness, and a mass nodular aspect in the mid temporal bulbar conjunctiva, of approximately 2mmx4mm.

RESUMO Apresentamos o interessante caso de uma mulher negra de 62 anos, que deu entrada no hospital oftalmológico com um pequeno nevo no olho esquerdo previamente visualizado ao espelho, com 1 mês de evolução. O exame físico com lâmpada de fenda (biomicroscopia) mostrou um grupo de veias indolor e vermelhidão vascular, com uma massa de aspecto nodular na conjuntiva bulbar temporal média, de aproximadamente 2mmx4mm.

Risk of skin cancer in kidney, liver and heart recipients: A nationwide population-based study in Taiwan

Background: Previous population-based studies in western countries had revealed increased skin cancer risk among transplant recipients compared to the general population. However, population-based studies in Asia on skin cancer among recipients of different transplanted organs were lacking in the literature. Aims: This study aims to estimate skin cancer risk among recipients in Taiwan, examine the association between each specific type of skin cancer and each type of transplanted organ, and compare skin cancer risk between different immunosuppressive regimens. Methods: This population-based retrospective cohort study identified 7550 patients with heart, lung, kidney or liver transplantation and 30,200 controls matched for gender, age and comorbidity index from the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan between 2000 and 2015. Using multivariable Cox proportional hazard models, we estimated the hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the correlation of skin cancer with organ transplantation as well as immunosuppressive regimen. Results: Organ transplant recipients in Taiwan had an increased risk of skin cancer with adjusted hazard ratios of 4.327 (95% confidence intervals 2.740–6.837, P < 0.001), with the greatest risk, observed among heart recipients (adjusted hazard ratios 6.348, 95% confidence intervals 3.080–13.088, P < 0.001). The risk of non-melanoma skin cancer and melanoma was 4.473 (95% confidence intervals 2.568–7.783, P < 0.001) and 3.324 (95% confidence intervals 1.300–8.172, P < 0.001), respectively. When comparing immunosuppressants, those with calcineurin inhibitors carried the highest risk of skin cancer (adjusted hazard ratios 4.789, 95% confidence intervals 3.033–7.569, P < 0.001), followed by those with antimetabolites (adjusted hazard ratios 4.771, 95% confidence intervals 3.025–7.541, P < 0.001). Limitations: We could not evaluate confounding behavioural risk factors of skin cancers that were not documented in the database, nor could we recognize patients’ compliance with immunosuppressants. Conclusion: Organ recipients have a greater risk of skin cancer. Clinicians should inform recipients of the importance of photoprotection and regular dermatologic follow-up

Sarcoma de Kaposi en orofaringe en paciente postrasplante renal y manejo con inhibidor de señal de coestimulación e inhibidor de mTOR

Introducción: el sarcoma de Kaposi en pacientes de postrasplante renal es poco frecuente y está asociado usualmente a infección por herpes 8 y a dosis altas de inmunosupresión. Objetivo: descripción reporte de caso de Sarcoma de Kaposi en orofaringe en paciente postrasplante renal manejo con inhibidor de señal de coestimulación e inhibidor mTOR. Presentación del caso: en este artículo se describe el caso de una paciente, con antecedente de trasplante renal, con diagnóstico de sarcoma de Kaposi en una localización muy poco frecuente: a nivel orofaríngeo. Se realiza una revisión de los factores de riesgo, patogenia y un acercamiento en el manejo. De igual manera, se realiza un seguimiento y manejo con inhibidor de señal de coestimulación (belatacept) e inhibidor de mTOR. Discusión y conclusión: el sarcoma de Kaposi es una de las neoplasias postrasplante con mayor incidencia comparativamente con la población no trasplantada, donde el papel de la reactivación de la infección viral, más el papel de la inmunosupresión, son puntos fundamentales en la génesis de la neoplasia. La determinación del estatus serológico IgG para HHV8 podría ser una estrategia de determinación del riesgo en el pretrasplante.

Introduction: Kaposi sarcoma in post-renal transplantation patients is a rare entity, usually associated with herpes 8 infection and high doses of immunosupresion. Purpose: Case report description of Kaposi's sarcoma in the oropharynx in a post-renal transplant patient managed with co-stimulation signal inhibitor and mTOR inhibitor. Case presentation: This article describes the case of a patient, with a history of renal transplant, with a diagnosis of Kaposi's sarcoma in a very rare location: oropharyngeal level. A review of the risk factors, pathogenesis and a management approach is made. Likewise, a follow-up and management with co-stimulation signal inhibitor (belatacept) and mTOR inhibitor is performed. Discussion and conclusion: Kaposi's sarcoma is one of the post-transplant neoplasms with the highest incidence compared to the non-transplanted population, where the role of viral infection reactivation, plus the role of immunosuppression, are fundamental points in the genesis of the neoplasm. The determination of IgG serological status for HHV8 could be a strategy to determine risk in pretransplantation.

Sarcoma de Kaposi en personas que viven con VIH-SIDA en un hospital público de referencia en Perú / Kaposi's sarcoma in people living with HIV/aids in a public referral hospital in Peru

RESUMEN El sarcoma de Kaposi (SK) es el cáncer más frecuente en las personas que viven con VIH. Las investigaciones sobre esta condición son escasas en la región, por lo que, el objetivo de este artículo fue describir las características demográficas, clínicas y terapéuticas de los pacientes con VIH que desarrollaron SK en el Hospital Cayetano Heredia entre el 2000 y 2018. Se identificaron 129 casos de SK, con una mediana de edad de 33 años, con predominio en varones con el 92% (119/129), y en su mayoría hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH). La mediana de tiempo desde el diagnóstico de VIH hasta el del SK fue de cinco meses, asociado con un recuento de linfocitos CD4 de 64 células/µL (RIC: 33-185) al momento del diagnóstico de SK. El compromiso cutáneo fue el más común; sin embargo, al menos la mitad de ellos también tuvo la forma visceral.

ABSTRACT Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is the most frequent cancer in people living with HIV. Research on this condition is scarce in the region, therefore, this article aimed to describe the demographic, clinical and therapeutic characteristics of patients with HIV who developed KS at the Cayetano Heredia Hospital between 2000 and 2018. A total of 129 KS cases were identified, with a median age of 33 years, predominantly males with 92% (119/129), and mostly men who have sex with men (MSM). The median time from HIV diagnosis to KS diagnosis was five months, associated with a CD4 lymphocyte count of 64 cells/μL (IQR: 33-185) at KS diagnosis. Cutaneous involvement was the most common presentation; however, at least half also had the visceral form.

Sarcoma de Kaposi en diagnóstico tardío de VIH/sida / Kaposi sarcoma in late HIV/AIDS diagnosis

Introducción: El sarcoma de Kaposi es una neoplasia maligna multifocal de células endoteliales, que se presenta con lesiones características en la piel, boca y ganglios linfáticos. Objetivo: Describir un caso de sarcoma de Kaposi que, por sus características, entorpeció el diagnóstico de infección por VIH. Presentación del caso: Paciente masculino, de 30 años, diagnosticado recientemente con síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida, sin tratamiento. Fue referido a la consulta de cirugía maxilofacial para biopsia de adenopatía cervical derecha. Durante el examen físico se observó edema generalizado en ambos miembros inferiores, con lesiones hiperpigmentadas de aspecto macular y papular de varias tonalidades. En la mucosa del paladar duro se apreció una lesión pigmentada violácea, que abarcaba la línea media palatina y se extendía hacia la hemiarcada izquierda. Se realizó la exégesis de la adenopatía con fines diagnósticos, con lo cual se confirmó sarcoma de Kaposi. Conclusiones: La falta de familiaridad con las características clínicas, así como la falta de una biopsia de las lesiones cutánea y un examen completo de la cavidad oral, ocasionaron que esta neoplasia pasara desapercibida en los exámenes médicos de rutina en el caso presentado, lo que condujo a un bajo índice de sospecha de la infección por VIH/sida y retrasó el tratamiento oportuno. Cuando la inmunosupresión está avanzada, el sarcoma de Kaposi relacionado al síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida tiende a ser más agresivo(AU)

Introduction: Kaposi sarcoma is a multifocal malignant neoplasm of endothelial cells which presents with characteristic lesions on the skin, mouth and lymph glands. Objective: Describe a case of Kaposi sarcoma with characteristics that hindered HIV infection diagnosis. Case presentation: A case is presented of a male 30-year-old patient recently diagnosed with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and not following any treatment. The patient was referred to the maxillofacial surgery service for right cervical adenopathy biopsy. Physical examination revealed generalized edema in both lower limbs, with hyperpigmented lesions of macular and papular appearance and various shades of color. A purplish pigmented lesion was detected in the hard palate mucosa. The lesion covered the palatal midline and extended toward the left hemiarch. Exeresis of the adenopathy was performed for diagnostic purposes, confirming the diagnosis of Kaposi sarcoma. Conclusions: Lack of familiarity with the clinical characteristics of Kaposi sarcoma, and not performing a biopsy of the skin lesions and a complete examination of the oral cavity, made the neoplasm go unnoticed to routine medical tests, leading to low suspicion of HIV/AIDS infection and delaying timely treatment. In advanced immunosuppression, Kaposi sarcoma related to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome tends to be more aggressive(AU)

Sarcoma de Kaposi anoperineal: uma rara apresentação / Perineal Kaposi's Sarcoma: a rare presentation

O sarcoma de Kaposi é uma neoplasia maligna associada à infecção pelo herpes vírus humano 8 em doentes imunossupressos. O sarcoma de Kaposi Epidêmico é o tipo epidemiológico mais frequente e afeta indivíduos VIH-positivos. A região anoperineal é raramente envolvida e as lesões suspeitas devem ser biopsiadas para confirmação histológica. A base do tratamento é a restauração imune do doente. Relatamos o caso de um jovem, com diagnóstico recente de infeção pelo VIH, sem tratamento, que foi admitido no serviço de infectologia apresentando sintomas constitucionais, adenomegalias inguinais e extensa lesão verrucosa e ulcerada na região anoperineal. As biópsias confirmaram o diagnóstico de sarcoma de Kaposi e o doente iniciou terapia antirretroviral e quimioterapia. Houve recuperação clínica, regressão das lesões e desaparecimento das adenomegalias. Este relato objetiva alertar as equipes médicas no sentido de se incluir o sarcoma de Kaposi no diagnóstico diferencial das lesões que afetam a região anoperineal.

Kaposi's sarcoma is a malignant neoplasm associated with human herpesvirus 8 infection in immunocompromised patients. Epidemic Kaposi's sarcoma is the most common epidemiological type and affects HIV-positive patients. Perineal involvement is rare, and suspicious lesions should be biopsied to confirm histological diagnosis. Treatment consists of restoring the patient's immune system. We report the case of a young patient recently diagnosed with HIV, without treatment, who was admitted to the Department of Infectious Diseases with nonspecific symptoms, inguinal lymphadenopathy, and an extensive verrucous ulcerated lesion in the perineal region. Biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of Kaposi's sarcoma, and the patient was started on antiretroviral therapy and chemotherapy. Clinical recovery was achieved, with lesion reduction and inguinal adenopathy resolution. This case report aims to encourage physicians to include Kaposi's sarcoma in the differential diagnosis of perineal lesions.

Manifestaciones orales y recuento de linfocitos T CD4+ en pacientes adultos con infección por VIH atendidos en el Hospital San Juan de Dios. Santiago, Chile

Resumen Introducción: Las lesiones orales clasificadas como fuertemente asociadas a infección por VIH se presentan en casos de inmunosupresión profunda (recuento de linfocitos T CD4+ ≤ a 200 céls/mm3 de sangre). Objetivo: Asociar la presencia de lesiones orales fuertemente asociadas a infección por VIH con el recuento sérico de linfocitos T (LT) CD4+ al momento del diagnóstico. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal en PVVIH atendidas en el Hospital San Juan de Dios entre 2013 y 2019. Las lesiones orales se diagnosticaron por el criterio de EC-Clearinghouse - OHARA, y la inmunosupresión fue determinada según el recuento de LT CD4+. Resultados: De los 240 pacientes reclutados, 35 pacientes presentaron lesiones fuertemente asociadas a infección por VIH y 26 de ellos presentaron inmunosupresión profunda. La probabilidad de ocurrencia de una lesión fuertemente asociada a infección por VIH fue 12,3 veces mayor en pacientes con inmunosupresión profunda. Conclusión: Existe una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre un estado de inmunosupresión profunda y la presencia de manifestaciones orales fuertemente asociadas a infección por VIH/SIDA, lo cual posee relevancia clínica pues se presenta como una herramienta clínica de diagnóstico inicial, progresión de la enfermedad y monitorización de la terapia antiretroviral.

Abstract Background: Oral lesions classified as strongly associated with HIV infection occur in cases of severe immunosuppression (CD4+ T lymphocyte count ≤ 200 cells/mm3 of blood). Aim: To associate the presence of oral lesions strongly associated with HIV infection with CD4+ T lymphocytes count at the time of diagnosis. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in PLHIV treated at the San Juan de Dios Hospital between 2013 and 2019. Oral lesions were diagnosed by the EC-Clearinghouse - OHARA criteria and immunosuppression was determined according to the CD4+ T lymphocyte count. Results: Of the 240 recruited patients, 35 had lesions strongly associated with HIV infection and 26 of them had severe immunosuppression. The probability of occurrence of a lesion strongly associated with HIV infection is 12.3 times higher in patients with severe immunosuppression. Conclusion: There is a statistically significant association between a severe immunosuppression and the presence of oral manifestations strongly associated with HIV/ AIDS infection, which has clinical relevance since it is presented as a clinical tool for initial diagnosis, disease progression and monitoring of antiretroviral therapy.

Asociación entre los niveles de linfocitos T CD4 y lesiones bucales de portadores del VIH/sida / Association between CD4 T lymphocyte levels and oral lesions in HIV/AIDS patients

Introducción: Las enfermedades de la cavidad bucal en los pacientes con VIH/sida pueden verse agravadas dependiendo de la respuesta inmunitaria del paciente y los niveles de linfocitos. Objetivo: Relacionar los niveles de linfocitos T CD4 y las principales lesiones bucales en pacientes con el VIH/sida del Hospital Nacional Hipólito Unanue (Lima, Perú), durante el 2018. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio analítico y de corte transversal, entre julio y octubre del 2018, en 65 pacientes hospitalizados, a los cuales se realizó un examen clínico de la cavidad bucal. Se evaluó la presencia de manifestaciones bucales asociadas al VIH/sida; también se clasificó el nivel de linfocitos T CD4 en tres categorías (> 500 cel/mm3, entre 200-500 cel/mm3 y < 200 cel/mm3). Resultados: Un 70,8 por ciento de los pacientes no se encontraba con tratamiento antirretroviral al momento del examen. El nivel promedio de linfocitos T CD4 fue 237,65 cel/mm3, con mayor prevalencia en mujeres. El 56,9 por ciento de los pacientes presentaron lesiones bucales, el sexo masculino fue el más afectado (91 por ciento). La lesión más frecuente fue la candidiasis bucal (44,6 por ciento) y la categoría que presentó mayor frecuencia de lesiones bucales fue la < 200 cel/mm3 (38,5 por ciento; p < 0,05). Conclusiones: El sexo masculino presentó la mayor cantidad de lesiones bucales asociadas a bajos niveles de linfocitos T CD4. La mayor parte de lesiones bucales se presentaron en un nivel de linfocitos T CD4 < 200 cel/mm3. La candidiasis bucal fue la lesión que más se evidenció al momento de realizar el examen clínico(AU)

Introduction: Oral diseases may be aggravated in HIV/AIDS patients depending on their immune response and lymphocyte levels. Objective: Describe the relationship between CD4 T lymphocyte levels and the main oral lesions in HIV/AIDS patients from Hipólito Unanue National Hospital in Lima, Peru, during the year 2018. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted of 65 hospitalized patients from July to October 2018. The patients underwent oral clinical examination. Evaluation was performed of the presence of HIV/AIDS-related oral manifestations, and CD4 T lymphocyte levels were classified into three categories: > 500 cell/mm3, 200-500 cell/mm3 and < 200 cell/lmm3. Results: Of the total patients studied, 70.8 percent were not under antiretroviral treatment at the moment of the examination. Average CD4 T lymphocyte level was 237.65 cell/mm3, with higher results among women. 56.9 percent of the patients had oral lesions. Males were more commonly affected (91 percent). The most frequent lesion type was oral candidiasis (44.6 percent), whereas the category presenting the highest frequency of oral lesions was < 200 cell/mm3 (38.5 percent; p < 0.05). Conclusions: Male patients presented the largest number of oral lesions associated to low CD4 T lymphocyte levels. Most of the oral lesions were found at a CD4 T lymphocyte level < 200 cell/mm3. Oral candidiasis was the lesion most commonly found by the clinical examination(AU)

Sarcoma de Kaposi en pacientes que viven con el VIH en Guinea Ecuatorial / Kaposi sarcoma in patients living with HIV in Equatorial Guinea

Introducción: El sarcoma de Kaposi es una neoplasia oportunista asociada a la inmunodepresión causada por VIH, que se relaciona con la infección por VHH tipo 8. Objetivo: Describir la presentación del sarcoma de Kaposi en personas que viven con VIH en Guinea Ecuatorial. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de carácter retrospectivo para identificar la prevalencia y las características epidemiológicas y clínicas del sarcoma de Kaposi en las personas que viven con VIH que acuden a las unidades de referencia para el manejo de casos en Guinea Ecuatorial. Se revisaron las historias clínicas de una muestra aleatoria y representativa de 338 pacientes del grupo que ha recibido tratamiento en las unidades de referencia para enfermedades infecciosas de Bata, desde enero de 2007 a febrero de 2012. Resultados: Se identificaron 40 pacientes diagnosticados de sarcoma de Kaposi (prevalencia del 11, 83 por ciento). La mediana de la edad al diagnóstico de sarcoma de Kaposi fue de 43 años, siendo la ratio del sexo de 1/1. La media de linfocitos CD4 al diagnóstico fue de 166 (rango 21-375) y la frecuencia de afectación oral fue de 45 por ciento. En la mayoría de los pacientes (94,6 por ciento) la observación del sarcoma de Kaposi fue anterior al inicio del tratamiento antirretroviral. Las cifras de linfocitos T CD4/mm3 inferiores a 100 aparecían sobre todo en pacientes menores de 30 años, y esto era especialmente frecuente en el grupo de mujeres (OR 11, p <0,04, Ic 95 por ciento 0,8-148). Conclusiones: El sarcoma de Kaposi es una neoplasia prevalente en personas que viven con VIH seguidas en las unidades de referencia en Guinea Ecuatorial. En mujeres menores de 30 años podría existir un diagnóstico tardío(AU)

Introduction: Kaposi sarcoma is an opportunistic neoplasm associated to the immunosuppression caused by HIV and related to infection by HHV-8. Objective: Describe the presentation of Kaposi sarcoma in people living with HIV in Equatorial Guinea. Methods: A retrospective descriptive study was conducted to identify the prevalence and the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of Kaposi sarcoma in people living with HIV attending reference units for the management of cases in Equatorial Guinea. A review was carried out of the medical records of a random sample representative of 338 patients from the group receiving treatment at Bata reference unit for infectious diseases from January 2007 to February 2012. Results: A total 40 patients diagnosed with Kaposi sarcoma were identified (prevalence of 11,83 percent). Mean age at Kaposi sarcoma diagnosis was 43 years, with a 1/1 sex ratio. The mean CD4 lymphocyte count at diagnosis was 166 (range 21-375), whereas the frequency of oral damage was 45 percent. In most patients (94.6 percent) detection of Kaposi sarcoma was prior to the start of antiretroviral therapy. CD4 T lymphocyte levels / mm3 below 100 were mainly found in patients aged under 30 years, a fact particularly frequent among women (OR 11, p< 0.04, CI 95% 0.8-148). Conclusions: Kaposi sarcoma is a neoplasm prevailing in people living with HIV who attend reference units in Equatorial Guinea. Late diagnosis could exist among women aged under 30 years(AU)

Sarcoma de Kaposi oral en paciente seropositivo, fase sintomática avanzada. Presentación de caso / Oral Kaposi Sarcoma, advanced symptomatic phase, in a seropositive patient. Case presentation

RESUMEN Se presentó el caso clínico de un paciente seropositivo, en fase sintomática avanzada. Fue atendido en el Servicio de Medicina Interna del Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Docente "León Cuervo Rubio", de la ciudad de Pinar del Río, por presentar disnea, astenia, anorexia y pérdida de peso. Al examen oral se constató lesión tumoral de la lengua que dificultaba la masticación y deglución. La biopsia mostró sarcoma de Kaposi asociado al VIH/sida. La evolución tórpida y el estadio tan avanzado de la enfermedad, propiciaron el deceso del paciente (AU).

ABSTRACT The authors presented the clinical case of a seropositive patient, in advanced symptomatic phase. The patient attended the Internal Medicine Service of the Teaching Clinical Surgical Hospital Leon Cuervo Rubio of Pinar del Rio, presenting dyspnea, asthenia, anorexia and weight loss. On the oral examination, a tumor lesion was found making difficult to chew and swallow. A biopsy showed Kaposi sarcoma associated to HIV/AIDS. The torpid evolution and disease's advanced stage propitiated the patient's death (AU).

Sarcoma de Kaposi ganglionar postrasplante renal: reporte de dos casos en un centro de trasplante colombiano Kaposi sarcoma in lymph nodes after kidney transplantation: report of two cases in a Colombian transplant center / Sarcoma de Kaposi ganglionar postrasplante renal: reporte de dos casos en un centro de trasplante colombiano Kaposi sarcoma in lymph nodes after kidney transplantation: report of two cases in a Colombian transplant center

El cáncer es una causa importante de morbilidad y mortalidad en los receptores de trasplante. La combinación de infecciones virales, terapia de inmunosupresión y la alteración en el sistema inmune en los pacientes trasplantados, contribuyen al desarrollo de cáncer. El sarcoma de Kaposi es causado por el virus herpes humano 8 (VHH-8), y aunque es raro en la población general, puede ser hasta 300 veces más frecuente en los pacientes con trasplante renal. El diagnóstico de la enfermedad se realiza a menudo con base en las características de las lesiones, pero debe ser confirmado por histología. En años recientes, los inhibidores de mTOR han mostrado ser efectivos para el control del sarcoma de Kaposi en los pacientes trasplantados, ya que se interrumpe el efecto antiapoptótico y la angiogénesis dependientes de la proteína mTOR, los cuales son esenciales para el desarrollo y la propagación de células malignas. Se presentan dos casos de pacientes con sarcoma de Kaposi ganglionar, sin lesiones en piel, en nuestro centro de trasplante, quienes respondieron de manera positiva al cambio del esquema inmunosupresor con inhibidores de mTOR

Cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in transplant recipients. The combination of viral infections, immunosuppression therapy and immune system dysfunction in transplant patients contribute to the development of cancer. Kaposi sarcoma is caused by human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8) and although rare in the general population, it is reported to be up to 300 times more common in kidney transplant patients. Diagnosis of the disease is often made on the basis of the characteristic appearance of lesions, but must be confirmed by histology. In recent years, mTOR inhibitors have been shown to be effective in controlling Kaposi sarcoma in transplant patients, due to disruption of the antiapoptotic effect and angiogenesis dependent on the mTOR protein, which are essential for development and propagation of malignant cells. We present two case reports of patients with Kaposi sarcoma in lymph nodes and no skin lesions, who responded well to the immunosuppressive therapy switch with mTOR inhibitors

Mechanism and immunotherapy of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and host immunity in the pathogenesis of Kaposi sarcoma / 国际肿瘤学杂志

Kaposi sarcoma is a multiple pigmented hemangioma of soft tissue. The etiology of Kaposi sarcoma is still unclear. Its occurrence is related to Kaposi sarcoma-related herpesvirus. Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpes virus plays an important role in the occurrence and development of Kaposi sarcoma by interfering with the pattern recognition receptors, complement system, or effecting on the immune cells directly to evasive host immune system. The immune modulators, immunotherapy of targeted drugs and vaccines are expected to be the new methods for the prevention and treatment of Kaposi sarcoma.

Case for diagnosis. Penile lesion in HIV-negative patient

Abstract We present the case of an HIV-negative man with asymptomatic penile erythematoviolaceous papules associated with similar slightly verrucous papules in the interdigital space of the right foot. A biopsy of the penile lesion confirmed Kaposi's sarcoma. No other causes of immunosuppression were observed. Penile lesions of KS are rare in HIV-negative individuals but it should also be considered in the differential diagnosis. Careful follow-up is recommended.

Pseudosarcoma de Kaposi tipo Mali unilateral en paciente con insuficiencia venosa crónica / Unilateral Mali-type Pseudo-Kaposis sarcoma in a patient with chronic venous insufficiency

Introducción: La insuficiencia venosa crónica es el conjunto de síntomas y signos derivados de una hipertensión venosa en los miembros inferiores debido a un mal funcionamiento valvular de los sistemas venosos. Se han asociado varias complicaciones a esta entidad, una de ellas es el pseudosarcoma de Kaposi, enfermedad rara y caracterizada por una proliferación reactiva vascular, con lesiones cutáneas similares a las del sarcoma de Kaposi. Objetivo: Describir el proceso diagnóstico de una paciente con pseudosarcoma de Kaposi tipo Mali unilateral como complicación de la insuficiencia venosa crónica. Presentación del caso: Se presenta una paciente femenina, piel blanca, de 51 años de edad, con lesiones cutáneas de aproximadamente 9 años de evolución, tipo placas eritematomarronáceas y papuloescamocostrosas, en el miembro inferior derecho, que progresivamente fueron extendiéndose; la paciente presentaba además insuficiencia venosa crónica. Se diagnosticó pseudosarcoma de Kaposi tipo Mali unilateral, teniendo en cuenta, fundamentalmente, los antecedentes patológicos personales, el examen clínico realizado, la biopsia de la lesión, la inmunohistoquímica para anticuerpos CD 34 y el dúplex venoso de miembro inferior derecho. Se indicó terapia compresiva de la extremidad y ungüento esteroideo en lesiones, con mejoría de estas. Conclusiones: Una de las complicaciones asociadas a la insuficiencia venosa crónica es el pseudosarcoma de Kaposi. En esta rara entidad cutánea el estudio histopatológico y la inmunohistoquímica desempeñan un papel muy importante para su correcto diagnóstico y diferenciación del sarcoma de Kaposi, principal diagnóstico diferencial a tener en cuenta(AU)

Introduction: Chronic venous insufficiency is the set of symptoms and signs derived from venous hypertension in the lower limbs due to a valvular malfunction of the venous system. Several complications have been associated with this entity; one of them is Pseudo-Kaposi's sarcoma, a rare disease characterized by reactive vascular proliferation with skin lesions similar to those of Kaposi's sarcoma. Objective: To describe the diagnostic process of a patient with unilateral Mali-type Pseudo-Kaposi's sarcoma as a complication of chronic venous insufficiency. Case presentation: Fifty-one-year-old white female patient with about 9-year history of brownish erythematosus-type and squamous, crusty plaque-like skin lesions in the right lower limb that were progressively extending. The patient also presented chronic venous insufficiency. Unilateral Mali-type Pseudo-Kaposi's sarcoma was diagnosed, mainly considering the personal pathological antecedents, the clinical examination performed, the biopsy of the lesion, the immunohistochemistry for CD34 antibodies and the venous duplex imaging of the right lower limb. Compressive therapy of the limb and steroid ointment was indicated for the lesions, with improvement of the condition. Conclusions: Pseudo-Kaposi's sarcoma is one of the complications associated with chronic venous insufficiency. In this rare skin entity, the histopathological study and immunohistochemistry play a very important role in the correct diagnosis and differentiation of Kaposi's sarcoma, being this the main differential diagnosis to take into account(AU)

Human herpes virus-8-negative kaposiform sarcoma in a HIV-positive male: Novel variant

Human herpes virus (HHV)-8 is associated with causation of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). An HIV-positive male with multiple nodules on the body was clinically and histopathologically diagnosed as a case of KS; however, immunohistochemistry was negative for HHV-8. This peculiar scenario of HHV-8-negative tumor with typical clinical and histopathologic findings was labeled as “Atypical spindled endothelial proliferation suspicious of Kaposi sarcoma”, hitherto unreported novel entity

Electron beam radiotherapy for Kaposi's sarcoma of the toe and web

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is an uncommon neoplastic vascular disease. The standard treatment for localized classic KS lesions is surgical excision or radiation. Superficial skin lesions are generally treated with electrons or low-energy photon fields using boluses. Radiotherapy (RT) can be used for poor surgical candidates or when surgery is expected to result in a poor cosmetic or functional outcome. This study is the first to describe a case of KS of the toe and web treated with electron RT, which precisely targeted the irregular skin lesion with a markedly higher presided effective treatment. An electron field is often limited in its effectiveness to deliver a homogeneous dose in cases with irregular contours. Here, we report our successful experience using low-energy electron beam radiation to treat KS of the toe and web. The patient was a 78-year-old woman who was diagnosed with KS located on the first and second toe and web, based on radiology, pathology, and immunohistochemical examinations. KS was located on the left foot and measured more than 2.5 cm. No regional nodal or distant organ metastasis was observed. She was medically inoperable. RT was performed using a 6-MeV electron with a 0.5-cm bolus and a dose of 50 Gy delivered in 25 fractions. Follow-up computed tomography 2 months after RT revealed a complete tumor response. Toxicity was limited to mild skin desquamation during treatment. The patient remains alive and has shown no evidence of disease for 2 years. This study suggests that electron RT is a safe and effective treatment option for skin lesions located on the toe and web

Cutaneous Manifestations in Patients Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus: An Audit in the Department of Dermatology Hospital Kuala Lumpur

@#Patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may have significant cutaneous morbidities which can potentially affect their quality of life or be life-threatening. This study aimed to describe the demographic data and the pattern of cutaneous manifestations of patients infected with HIV.

Distribution of dendritic cells in aids-associated oral kaposi's sarcoma

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine if the distribution of Langerhans cells (LC) and interstitial dendritic cells (IDC) is altered in AIDS-associated oral Kaposi's sarcoma when compared to HIV-negative highly vascular oral lesions. Fifty-one cases of AIDS-associated oral Kaposi's sarcoma and 20 of highly vascular oral lesions were retrospectively retrieved. All cases of Kaposi's sarcoma were confirmed with immunoreactions against CD34 and HHV-8. Clinical data regarding sex, age and lesions location were obtained from pathology reports. Immunohistochemistry against CD207 (immature dendritic cells) and CD83 (mature dendritic cells) were done. LC were in the epithelium and IDC in the stroma. CD207+ cells predominated in the epithelium of the lesions, whereas CD83+ cells predominated in their stromal compartment. Kaposi's sarcoma had a lower CD207+ immature LC count (p=0.02) and an increased CD207+ IDC than highly vascular oral lesions (p<0.001). Moreover, Kaposi's sarcoma also showed an increased number of mature CD83+ IDC than highly vascular oral lesions (p<0.001). There were significant alterations in the distribution of LC and IDC in AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma when compared to HIV-negative vascular oral lesions, suggesting that changes in their concentrations may play a role in the pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar se a distribuição das células de Langerhans (CL) e das células dendríticas intersticiais (CDI) está alterada no sarcoma de Kaposi oral associado à AIDS quando comparado às lesões orais altamente vasculares HIV-negativas. 51 casos de sarcoma de Kaposi oral associado à AIDS e 20 de lesões orais altamente vasculares foram recuperados retrospectivamente. Todos os casos de sarcoma de Kaposi foram confirmados pela positividade para os anticorpos CD34 e HHV-8. Dados clínicos sobre sexo, idade e localização das lesões foram obtidos dos laudos histopatológicos. Foram realizadas imunoistoquímica contra CD207 (células dendríticas imaturas) e CD83 (células dendríticas maduras). As CL estavam presentes no epitélio enquanto as CDI estavam presentes no estroma. As células CD207+ predominaram no epitélio das lesões, enquanto as células CD83+ predominaram no estroma. O sarcoma de Kaposi teve uma contagem mais baixa de CD imaturas CD207+ (p = 0,02) e número aumentado de CDC CD207+ do que lesões orais altamente vasculares (p<0,001). Além disso, o sarcoma de Kaposi também mostrou um número aumentado de CDI CD83+ maduras do que lesões orais altamente vasculares (p<0,001). Houve alterações significativas na distribuição de CL e CDI no sarcoma de Kaposi associado à AIDS quando comparado às lesões orais vasculares HIV-negativas, sugerindo que alterações na distribuição das mesmas podem desempenhar um papel na patogênese do sarcoma de Kaposi.

Primary triple head and neck tumors: Laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas, Kaposi's sarcoma, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Simultaneously triple head and neck malignancies are extremely rare. We report a case who had epithelial and mesenchymal malignant tumor with lymphoid malignancy in head and neck area. A patient who is 74 year old male patient presented to the otorhinolaryngology department with severe breathing difficulty due to laryngeal mass. The result of laryngeal biopsy was invasive SCCs, so patient underwent total larygectomy and bilateral level 2,3,4 neck disection operation. Primary 3 different type head and neck tumors were observed with histopathological examination. These were orderly invasive SCCs in larynx, B-cell Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in tongue root and one lymph node of left neck dissection material, Kaposi's sarcoma in one lymph node of right neck dissection material. Although synchronous head and neck tumors occurs very rare with laryngeal carcinoma, the neck dissection materials should be researched for synchronous tumors.

Amigdalitis hemorrágica como presentación de Sarcoma de Kaposi / Hemorrhagic tonsillitis as a presentation of Kaposi's sarcoma

Introducción: Las lesiones en la cavidad oral son con frecuencia las primeras evidencias clínicas de la infección por VIH. Una amigdalitis hemorrágica debe hacer sospechar, entre otras causas, que exista un Sarcoma de Kaposi (SK). El SK, considerada una enfermedad marcadora de sida en la infección por VIH, afecta, fundamentalmente, la piel y con frecuencia la mucosa de la cavidad oral. Objetivo: identificar una amigdalitis hemorrágica como forma de presentación de un Sarcoma de Kaposi asociado al VIH Presentación del caso: Paciente masculino de 22 años, que consulta por odinofagia y disfagia. En la faringoscopìa se observan amígdalas hipertróficas y de aspecto hemorrágicas. Se sospecha causa sistémica, entre ellas la infección por VIH. Se confirma debut clínico de sida por SK con lesiones predominantes de cavidad oral incluyendo las amígdalas. Conclusiones: Las características hemorrágicas de una amigdalitis permitieron sospechar el diagnóstico infección por VIH con Sarcoma de Kaposi predominante en cavidad oral(AU)

Introduction: Lesions in the oral cavity can be the first clinical evidences of HIV infection. Hemorrhagic tonsillitis should be suspicious of a Kaposi's sarcoma, among other causes. Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is considered a marker of AIDS in HIV infection, which mainly affects the skin, but often acts upon the mucosa of the oral cavity. Objective: To identify hemorrhagic tonsillitis as a form of presentation of Kaposi's sarcoma associated to HIV. Case presentation: A 22-year-old male patient comes to the doctor´s office complaining of odynophagia and dysphagia. Hypertrophic tonsils of hemorrhagic aspect are observed in the laryngoscopy. Systemic cause is suspected, mainly, an HIV infection. A clinical onset of AIDS as a result of KS with predominant lesions in the oral cavity including the tonsils is confirmed. Conclusions: The hemorrhagic characteristics of tonsillitis leads to a presumptive diagnostic of HIV infection with a Kaposi's sarcoma occurring predominantly in the oral cavity(AU)